Effects of climatic data low-pass filtering on the ICBM temperature- and moisture-based soil biological activity factors in a cool and humid climate

The air temperature (T_air), total precipitation (TP) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) are standard input data for soil carbon dynamic models, i.e., for calculating temperature and moisture effects on soil biological activity. The resolution needed depends on objectives, the complexity of models and inbuilt pedotransfer functions. The Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM) soil climate front end model calculates a multiplicative soil-temperature (r_{e_temp}) and -moisture (r_{e_wat}) factor with a daily time-step to estimate soil biological activity, i.e., r_{e_crop} = r_{e_temp} × r_{e_wat}. Our objective was to determine how much r_{e_temp}, r_{e_wat} and r_{e_crop} are affected by low-pass filtering of the climatic input data for a cool, humid temperate region. To achieve this we conducted spectral analysis on T_air, TP, PET and r_{e_crop} in the frequency domain. Thereafter we applied Fourier low-pass filters of 5, 15, 30, 60 and 180 days on T_air, TP, PET and tracked their effects through the soil climate model's state variables and outputs. This was done using a sandy and a heavy clay soil and an 89-year daily time-series from a meteorological station in Quebec (Canada). The Fourier spectra showed that the variance for T_air, PET and r_{e_crop} was dominated by an annual cycle, as could be expected. There was no yearly cycle for TP. The variation in r_{e_temp} explained most of the variance in r_{e_crop}. The soil climate module outputs were not sensitive to low-pass filtering of PET. A daily time-step was needed to avoid overestimating r_{e_crop} for the sandy soil. Using a weekly time-step for TP and T_air allowed us to explain about 80% of the variance in r_{e_crop} for the heavy clay soil. This study also indicates that the standard leaf (and green) area index functions for calculating transpiration should receive more attention, since they have significant effects on the state and output variables.     

基于投影寻踪动态聚类模型的边坡稳定性评价

投影寻踪聚类(PPC)模型在多因素聚类分析中被广泛应用并取得了满意的效果,然而,该模型还存在诸如密度窗宽参数取值经验确定等不足,有待改进提高。本文针对PPC模型存在的问题,把投影寻踪聚类的思想和动态聚类方法结合起来构造投影指标,建立了投影寻踪动态聚类(PPDC)新模型,新模型在整个运算过程中毋需人为给定参数,聚类结果客观、明确。边坡稳定性评价的实际应用表明,PPDC模型不仅切实可行,取得了理想的效果,而且还具有稳定性好、操作简便等特点。PPDC模型为多因素聚类分析提供了一种新方法,具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于主成分分析法的城市道路交通安全评价

为客观地评价城市不同道路的交通安全水平,改善交通安全。从微观角度出发,采用主成分分析法(PCA)筛选出对城市道路交通安全有较大影响的主要指标,并结合统计软件SPSS计算出不同道路安全水平的综合评价值,得到不同道路的安全状况。实证结果表明:从微观角度用PCA对道路交通安全评价是可行的,且评价过程避免了主观随意性。在相关指标较多,且不易区分优劣的情况下,能够突现出部分指标因素对道路整体安全水平的影响,评价结果与实际情况一致。     

基于TOPSIS方法的苏州市循环经济发展绩效评价研究

借助绩效评价理论探索分析了循环经济发展评价的指标和方法，并尝试运用多目标决策方法中的嫡值法（Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution，TOPSIS）开展研究试点。通过对苏州市1997～2008年间的循环经济发展绩效进行综合评价，结果表明，10年来苏州市循环经济绩效水平呈U型发展趋势，近年来发展势头良好，但未来在提高低能耗第三产业比例、降低纺织业综合能耗、提高工业电力利用率等方面需要采取更有力的措施；苏州市循环经济发展绩效评价指标体系能够较好地反映该市循环经济发展状况，对于苏南同类城市有一定的借鉴意义；TOPSIS方法较好地避免了主观因素在综合分析过程中的影响，但无法就各评价因子对结果的影响程度、影响途径等进行更深层次的分析，需注意与其他方法相结合。     

Patterns of Citations of Open Access and Non‐Open Access Conservation Biology Journal Papers and Book Chapters

Abstract: Open access (OA) publishing, whereby authors, their institutions, or their granting bodies pay or provide a repository through which peer‐reviewed work is available online for free, is championed as a model to increase the number of citations per paper and disseminate results widely, especially to researchers in developing countries. We compared the number of citations of OA and non‐OA papers in six journals and four books published since 2000 to test whether OA increases number of citations overall and increases citations made by authors in developing countries. After controlling for type of paper (e.g., review or research paper), length of paper, authors’ citation profiles, number of authors per paper, and whether the author or the publisher released the paper in OA, OA had no statistically significant influence on the overall number of citations per journal paper. Journal papers were cited more frequently if the authors had published highly cited papers previously, were members of large teams of authors, or published relatively long papers, but papers were not cited more frequently if they were published in an OA source. Nevertheless, author‐archived OA book chapters accrued up to eight times more citations than chapters in the same book that were not available through OA, perhaps because there is no online abstracting service for book chapters. There was also little evidence that journal papers or book chapters published in OA received more citations from authors in developing countries relative to those journal papers or book chapters not published in OA. For scholarly publications in conservation biology, only book chapters had an OA citation advantage, and OA did not increase the number of citations papers or chapters received from authors in developing countries.     

基于行为安全的建筑事故预防量化方法与实证研究

在阐述安全行为(BBS)预防事故原理及其应用效果的基础上,选取某工程项目作为试验对象,结合我国建筑业一线工人的特点,对BBS实施中的培训方法、关键行为确认、观察方法3个关键环节进行具体试验。试验中建立了行为变化指数的图线,使用了安全行为指数(SI)来评定一线工人的安全行为及变化趋势。试验结果显示施工现场一线工人作业过程中的SI比基线期提高15%,表明所设计的BBS方法对于提高施工现场一线工人的行为安全性具有明显的效果。     

基于G_1法的飞行疲劳综合评价指标体系研究

为综合控制并评价飞行疲劳风险,通过对疲劳影响因素的深入分析,运用层次分析法(AHP)确定疲劳风险评价指标,依据G1法编制专家调查问卷,采用专家独立调查方法对指标进行判断,根据G1法确定各指标权重,建立飞行疲劳综合评价指标体系,实现对疲劳风险的量化综合评价。结果表明:运用G1法能有效地综合利用影响疲劳的各种信息评价飞行员的疲劳状况,该指标体系与现有控制飞行疲劳风险的影响因素吻合较好,可以作为进一步实现疲劳风险量化的基础。     

自然灾害风险评估指标体系及方法研究

提出一种基于灾害致灾因子、承灾体暴露性、脆弱性以及社区应急能力4方面因素的城市灾害(地震)风险评估体系。利用模糊隶属度函数和AHP法给出了一种可行的区域自然灾害风险评估方法。结果表明:基于给出的风险度量化公式、评估指标体系和评估方法,可以对城市灾害风险进行定量评估。模糊隶属度函数消除了量纲的影响使指标间具有可比性。AHP法可有效用于确定指标权重。基于风险度计算公式的灾害风险度综合评估指数,使城市自然灾害风险评估工作更具客观性。     

公路桥梁施工总体安全风险评估方法研究

为有效控制公路桥梁施工安全风险,提出一种可量化的公路桥梁施工安全风险评估方法。先构建我国公路桥梁施工总体安全风险评估指标体系,并基于蒙特卡洛抽样技术,运用k-s法对该评估指标体系总体分布进行有效检验。在此基础上,在给定的置信区间下对总体安全风险等级阈值进行界定划分,并通过实例进行验证。研究结果表明:该评估方法具有方便、实用、可靠性强的特点。     

江苏省13城市1996～2008年碳排放时空变异分析

运用秩相关系数、变差系数、曲线拟合等方法，以市域为基本单元，以人均碳排放量、碳排放强度、脱钩指数等为指标，对江苏省1996～2008年的碳排放时空变异特征进行分析，研究得出：(1)近13 a来，江苏省碳排放量不断增加，年均增长率高达13%，2008年已达20 000万t；经济较发达城市人均碳排放量较大，但碳排放强度相对不大；经济落后城市人均碳排放量小，但碳排放强度增加较快。(2)江苏省13城市人均碳排放、碳排放强度差异在不断缩小。(3)从人均碳排放看，江苏省及各市人均碳排放都随人均GDP呈线性增加关系，而南京、苏州、扬州、徐州作为各个区域发展较好的中心城市，人均碳排放随人均GDP增加最快。(4)从碳排放强度看，江苏省碳排放强度与人均GDP呈倒U型曲线关系，其拐点在人均GDP 25万元左右；但是各个城市碳排放强度与人均GDP呈波浪型曲线关系。(5)从脱钩指数看，脱钩水平受经济政策、产业结构、清洁技术水平的影响较大